Comprehensive Skin Cancer Detection and Prevention

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, with over 5 million cases diagnosed each year. About 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer by the age of 70. Non-melanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are more prevalent and account for the majority of skin cancer cases. Melanoma, though less common, is the most dangerous form of skin cancer and leads to the most deaths. Each year, more than 200,000 cases of melanoma are diagnosed, and while it is highly treatable when caught early, it can spread to other parts of the body if not detected in time.

Performing regular skin checks at home is one of the best ways to catch early signs of skin cancer. The American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) recommends making these checks part of your routine. But what exactly should you be looking for?

One of the most common signs of skin cancer is an unusual-looking mole. If a mole has changed in size or shape since the last time you checked, it could be a sign of melanoma. A simple method to evaluate moles is by using the ABCDEs of melanoma: asymmetry, where one half of the mole doesn’t match the other; uneven borders, with irregular or blurred edges; color, where you notice a variety of colors or uneven shading; diameter, where the mole is larger than 6mm, about the size of a pencil eraser; and evolution, meaning the mole changes in size, shape, or color over time.

While these are important indicators, skin cancer isn't limited to abnormal moles. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Each type can present differently, and some rarer forms of skin cancer can even resemble other skin conditions. For example, basal cell carcinoma might appear as a clear or skin-colored bump, often mistaken for a pimple or bug bite. While it may not cause pain or bleed, it should not be ignored as it could be an early-stage basal or squamous cell carcinoma. If you notice a hard bump on your eyelid, it might be a sign of sebaceous gland carcinoma, a rare type of cancer. Similarly, shiny or firm nodules on your head, neck, or torso could indicate Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), another rare form of skin cancer.

Sometimes, clear or skin-colored bumps aren’t cancer. They could be caused by benign conditions like molluscum contagiosum, a viral disease-causing lesions; warts, which are often rough or skin-colored; dermatosis papulosa nigra, benign growths typically found on the face and neck; or keratosis pilaris, which results in rough bumps appearing on various parts of the body.

It’s easy to mistake dry, scaly skin for eczema or simple dryness. However, if over-the-counter moisturizers don’t help, a scaly patch that doesn’t heal could indicate basal or squamous cell carcinoma. Other possible causes of scaly patches include seborrheic dermatitis, which causes greasy, crusty scales; eczema, which leads to itchy, dry skin; and psoriasis, which produces thick, scaly patches. A classic sign of basal cell carcinoma is a lesion that oozes, crusts over, and refuses to heal. If you notice any spots on your skin that bleed, ooze, or form a crust, it’s time to consult your dermatologist.

Not all oozing or crusty spots are cancerous. Other possible causes include weeping eczema, impetigo (a bacterial infection causing red, itchy sores), and MRSA (a bacterial infection that appears as painful, pus-filled bumps). Some rare cancers are easy to confuse with other conditions. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), for example, can look like a harmless bump, but might appear as blue, red, or purple nodules that grow quickly. Kaposi sarcoma, which commonly affects people with weakened immune systems, can show up as red, purple, or brown patches on the skin or mucous membranes, like inside the mouth.

Sometimes, skin cancer symptoms are subtle, without obvious pain or discomfort. The key is to notice anything that lingers and doesn’t go away. While it’s normal to develop bumps or spots from inflammation or bug bites, most of these go away with time. Skin cancer, however, persists and may eventually cause symptoms. It’s always worth checking with your dermatologist if something seems off.

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States. Most adults know at least one person with the diagnosis, but it is also one of the most preventable and treatable, particularly when detected early. Regular self-checks allow you to catch changes in your skin. Many people find that doing these checks once a month works well, but it’s best to confirm the ideal routine with your dermatologist. If you notice anything suspicious, it’s important to see a dermatologist immediately—even if the area doesn’t itch, bleed, or hurt. In many cases, early skin cancer can be treated by removing the cancerous area and some surrounding tissue. It’s also worth remembering that not all skin cancers resemble melanoma, so becoming familiar with different types of skin cancer is crucial.

Taking care of your skin involves more than just regular checks. Protecting your skin from the inside out can also make a significant difference. Certain foods and nutrients have been shown to shield the skin from damage and may help reduce the risk of skin cancer. Antioxidant-rich foods like berries, dark leafy greens, and nuts protect your skin from oxidative damage caused by UV rays. Carotenoid-rich foods, such as carrots and sweet potatoes, offer beta-carotene and lycopene to strengthen your skin’s defenses. Omega-3 fatty acids, from fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, help reduce inflammation and guard against UV damage. Vitamin D, found in fortified foods or through supplements, ensures healthy skin without overexposure to the sun. Polyphenols from green tea, cocoa, and grapes have been shown to protect skin from UV radiation. Zinc, available in pumpkin seeds and chickpeas, helps repair DNA and supports immune function, lowering the risk of skin cancer. Vitamin A from foods like liver, dairy products, and orange vegetables maintains healthy skin.

Beyond dietary choices, there are topical ingredients that offer added protection. Sunscreens containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are excellent at blocking harmful UV rays, while retinoids (Vitamin A derivatives) help repair sun-damaged skin by boosting cell turnover. Vitamin C neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative damage and supporting healthy skin. Niacinamide, another powerful ingredient, reduces inflammation and repairs DNA damage caused by UV rays. Green tea extract and resveratrol, rich in antioxidants, help protect and soothe the skin.

Incorporating these ingredients into your skincare routine, alongside regular skin checks and a nutrient-rich diet, gives you a comprehensive approach to skin cancer prevention. Never underestimate the power of prevention—apply sunscreen regularly, pay attention to changes in your skin, and nourish your skin with care. Some health conditions and treatments can make individuals more prone to skin cancer. These include weakened immune systems, which reduce the body's ability to repair DNA damage; chronic inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis; a history of previous skin cancer; and genetic disorders such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Certain medications, like immunosuppressants or photosensitizing drugs, can also increase skin cancer risks by making the skin more vulnerable to UV damage.

Lifestyle choices can also elevate skin cancer risk. Excessive sun exposure without protection, frequent use of tanning beds, and occupations that require outdoor work expose the skin to prolonged UV radiation. Smoking, poor dietary habits, and frequent travel to regions with intense sunlight further contribute to skin cancer risk.

Preventing skin cancer requires a proactive approach. Regular skin checks, a diet rich in protective nutrients, and using topical skincare ingredients all contribute to lowering the risk. If you have health challenges or engage in high-risk activities, it’s essential to adopt additional preventative measures like avoiding tanning beds, wearing protective clothing, and consistently applying sunscreen. By combining consistent skin monitoring, nourishing your body with the right foods, and being mindful of risky behaviors, you can significantly reduce the chances of skin cancer. Prevention, awareness, and early detection are your best tools to keep your skin healthy and cancer-free!

Benjamin Knight Fuchs, R. Ph.